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Sunday, November 20, 2016

POLITENESS STRATEGY ON SOCIAL INTERACTION IN MUNANESE DIALECT GU

POLITENESS STRATEGY ON SOCIAL INTERACTION IN MUNANESE DIALECT GU

Abstract

This study aims to investigate different politeness strategy used by Munanese in their social interaction. The source of the data was verbal utterances of Munanese dialect Gu . This study used pragmatic study especially theory of politeness by Brown and Levinson, and supported by other theory particularly Yassi’s theory. It also used descriptive qualitative method that is observation by recording and note taking. The result of the study showed the pattern politeness strategies used in Munanese Dialect Gu are; Hormat Non Kerabat; mixed, Hormat berkerabat; mixed and positive politeness (KP), Akrab Non Kerabat; mixed, Akrab Berkerabat; positive politeness (KP), Hierarki Non Kerabat; mixed (hierarchy), and (6) Hierarki Kerabat; mixed. The differences of the strategies maybe caused by several possible reasons including cultural differences, different age and social status when the people interact each other.

1. Introduction

Language is a system that holds an important role in human life. It becomes a fundamental instrument of communication that allows people to communicate. They communicate through a language in order to convey their ideas, their needs, feeling, and expectations towards someone or something. Besides, the ways which people use language in their daily life are in order to have a connection or maintain their relationship.

The use of language in communication is a part of pragmatics study. According to Mey (2001:6) pragmatics as a study of the way human use their language in communication, bases itself on a study of those premises and determines how they affect, and effectualize, human language use. Moreover, according to Hence as cited in Mey (2001:6) pragmatics studies the use of language in human communication as determined by the condition of the society. In other words, pragmatics refers to the social language skill which people use in their interaction with others. It includes what they say, how they say, their body language and whether it is appropriate to the given situation or context.

One important aspect of pragmatics competence is politeness. Yule (1996) states that “politeness in an interaction can be defined as the means to show awareness of another person’s face” (p. 60). The knowledge of politeness is important because politeness has an instrumental role in the social interaction.

The theory of politeness was established by Brown and Levinson in 1987. They also introduced the notion of face which is most influential theory on politeness. It contains Face Threatening Acts (FTA) and politeness strategy. They state that everyone in the society has two kinds of face wants; negative face and positive face. Negative face is the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, right to non-distraction, i.e., face to freedom of action and freedom from imposition. While the positive face is the positive consistent self-image or personality claimed interacts. Moreover, according to Brown and Levinson every speaker and hearer should avoid threatening to face with considering potentially of face threatening act of a speech act due to some factors i.e Power (P), Distance (D) and R (Relationship) supported by cultural factors, social interaction and appropriate application of politeness strategy.

Scollon and Scollon (2011) has got three politeness systems; the deference politeness system, the solidarity politeness, and hierarchy politeness system. The distinction of the three systems is mainly based on the difference in the existence of power (+P or –P), and on the social distance between interlocutors (+D or –D) in which participants are considered to be equal or near equals but treat each other at a distance. Scollon and Scollon (2001) considers in a solidarity politeness system, the speaker may feel neither power difference (-P) nor social distance (-D) between themselves e.g friends. Their hierarchical politeness system may be widely recognized among companies, government and educational organizations, in which the speaker resorts to different politeness strategy; the ‘higher’ use involvement politeness strategies and the ‘lower’ use independence politeness strategies. Yassi (2012) introduces six systems of politeness strategies on social interaction by adding one of systems that is Kinship (K); (1) Hormat Non Kerabat (-P +D –K), (2) Hormat berkerabat (-P +D –K), (3) Akrab Non Kerabat (-P –D –K), (4) Akrab Berkerabat (-P –D +K), (5) Hierarki Non Kerabat (+P +D –K), and (6) Hierarki Kerabat (+P –D +K). System number (1) until (4) is symmetry and system number (5) and (6) is asymmetry. Yassi’s theory was introduced by his research of politeness system in Makassarese, and due to the cultural factor the theory is as the criticism of Brown and Levinson’s theory.

In Yassi (2012) the politeness strategies used by Makassarrese based on the six strategies are Hormat Non Kerabat; mixed, Hormat berkerabat; positive politeness (KP), Akrab Non Kerabat; negative politeness (KN), Akrab Berkerabat; hierarki, Hierarki Non Kerabat; mixed (hierarki) , and Hierarki Kerabat; mixed. Based on the explanation, this paper will be discussed about the politeness strategy of social interaction in Munanese by using Yassi’s theory. The data will be obtained from Muna native speaker’s utterances by recording and note taking. After collecting the data, it will be analyzed by using the Yassi’s system of politeness strategies whether Muna people use positive politeness (KP), negative politeness (KN) or Mixed. It will be seen whether there is the differences or the similarities of politeness strategie used by Munanese and Yassi’s result according to the six systems of politeness.

2. Finding and Discussion

Data Presentation

(1) Hormat Non Kerabat (-P +D –K)

Data 1

Here the interaction between two adult women who do not know each other or we can say this is the first time they meet each other. The conversation took places on the ship. They was talking about their self and their family.

A : Femie anabuantoa? (How many children do you have?)

B : Popa (Four)

A : O popa. Pooto ga a idi popa dua. Semie moane idia (Oh four. It is same with me. I only have one son)

B : Ino’dia semie ho’bine, totolu moane.( I have one daughter and three sons)

A : Jadi we kolowa nando lambuntoa lae? (So, you have a house in Kolowa, don’t you?)

B : Umbe. O hato lambuntoa we lombe we amai? (Yes. Then your house in Lombe where is the location?

A : We Watulea. (in Watulea)

STRATEGY: MIXED

(2) Hormat Berkerabat (-P +D +K)

Data 2

This is the interaction between distance relatives. They are talking about the cashew. A is younger than B.

A : O no ko’bake toha dambuntoa lae? (the cashews ripe now, isn’t it?)

B : Umbe. O dambuno futoku. Ane na ko’bake dambuno kamukulaa, mahingga da moni daeondofi anaia. ( Yes. It is my cashews. If the parents’s cashews will have ripen the children can take it )

A : Umbe. (Yes)

STRATEGY: MIXED

Data 3

This is the interaction between distance relatives. They have same age.

A : Do foni we la ae te masigi inia? (With whom did you go to this mosque?)

B : Moisakua pa’a ( I my self)

A : Me kakala mayu we lambua? (Did you go on foot from your house?)

B : Ae safi ne ojek. (I went by ojek)

STRATEGY: KP (CASUAL)

(3) Akrab Non Kerabat (-P -D –K)

This is the interaction between two people. They are friends’ relation.

Data 4

A : Alhamdulillah. Nando pahaso to? Lancar pahasontoa? (Are you selling? Are your selling running well?)

B : La ae? (Who?)

A : Intao’dia pa’a. Pahaso te lambu. (You. Sell at house)

B : Umbe. (Yes)

STRATEGY: MIXED

(4) Akrab Berkerabat (-P -D +K)

This is the interaction between two siblings. A is a older sister and B is younger sister.

Data 5

A : Me da’da ae? (What are you cooking now?)

B : Me da’da banggai we palolano. O roti ae aicua a? (I am cooking the Moringa vegetable and eggplant. What kind of that bread?)

A : O roti kapute. (White Bread)

B : We incino we laloa? (Is there any filling inside?)

A : Umbe. Me da’da banggai we palolano maka da aomaomu. (Yes. Then, cooking the Moringa vegetable and eggplant now after that I will eat)

STRATEGY: KP (Casual)

(5) Hirarki Non Kerabat (+P +D -K)

This is the interaction between two people which recognize and respect the social distance that places A is super ordinate position and B is subordinate position.

Data 6

A : Naefie ne kan o laporan a da’kumpuluemo. Fo selesaiemomu laporanmiua. (Tomorrow, the report will be collected. You have to finish yours)

B : Umbe ibu. (Yes, Madam)

A : Pa’da aicu wa aneomu we ino’ida. Fe kahimba ao e. (After you finish it, give it to me. Be quickly)

B : Umbe ibu. (Yes, Madam)

STRATEGY : HIERARKI

(6) Hirarki Kerabat (+P -D +K)

Data 7

This is the interaction between two people which have kinship relation. A is a wife and B is a husband.

A : O Bapa, be ino’di doimu so ae oli kenta,. Minamo be kenta’a. (Dad, I want your money. I want to buy some fishes because there is no more)

B : Se ae hama angko. (how much must I give you?)

A : Na moono pa’a Bapa. Ulanomo no ali kenta’a. (One hundred. The fish is very expensive now)

STRATEGY: MIXED (HIERARCHY)

Data 8

This is the interaction is still in kinship relation. A is a daughter and B is a mother.

A : Aini kagomu ka oliaku we manggasa. Fo ohue seone sealoa. (This is your medicine. I bought it in Makassar. Take it one for a day)

B : Kagono ae aicua? (What medicine is that?)

A : Kagono vitamin. Komolimpua aicua Inae. Kohondoa seonu. (The medicine is vitamin. Don’t forget to take it one for night)

STRATEGY: MIXED

Based on the data presentation of the dialogue transcription, it can be classified the politeness strategy on social interaction in Munanese Dialect Gu. The data were tabulated below:

SISTEM

STRATEGI

HORMAT NON KERABAT (-P +D -K)

HORMAT BERKERABAT (-P +D +K)

AKRAB NON KERABAT (-P -D -K)

AKRAB BERKERABAT (-P -D +K)

HIERARKI NON KERABAT (+P +D -K)

HIERARKI KERABAT (+P -D +K)

Mixed

The table above shows that the data number (1) which is the system is Hormat Non Kerabat used Mixed strategy between two people who do not know each other. Sometimes they used nto as from persona nomina intao’di (You: polite way) and also use direct speech.

In data number (2) which is the system is Hormat Berkerabat shows that the strategy used by the speaker and the hearer are mixed. The use of nto appears because there is the different of the age between speaker and hearer. Moreover, they also use language of intimacy which shows the casual way. This strategy is also occurred in the system of Akrab Non Kerabat in the data number (4).

On the other hand, the data number (3) shows another strategy even it still in the same system of Hormat Berkerabat. The strategy used in the conversation is positive politeness (KP). It can be seen when that the speech is more direct, lag of social attributes, and casual honorific. Furthermore, in the system of Akrab Berkerabat also used positive politeness (KP) as proven in the data number (5) because there is no social attributes in the language they used.

The data number (6), (7) and (8) is in the asymmetry system. In the system, one places in a superodinate position and the other in a subordinate position. In Data number (6), the speaker as one who is superior used positive politeness (KP) to the hearer. While the hearer who is as the imperior one use the negative politeness (KN). In contrast, the data number (7) and (8) shows the superior use positive politeness (KP) and the imperior use the mixed strategy. It can be seen in the using of mu (You: impolite way) and the using of Bapa (Dad) , Ina (Mom) as deferent honorific.

If we compare the data to the Yassi’s theory, there are some similarities and differences in the using of politeness strategy. In the system of Hormat Non Kerabat, Hormat berkerabat, Hierarki Non Kerabat, and Hierarki Kerabat both of them used the same strategies. However in the system of Akrab Non Kerabat, in Yassi’s theory the strategy used negative politeness (KN), Akrab Berkerabat used hierarki, In Munanese Dialect Gu the system of Akrab Non Kerabat used mixed and Akrab Berkerabat used positive politeness (KP). It caused by some factors such as cultural differences and social status.

3. Conclusion

After analyzing the data, the writer concluded Dialect Gu in Munanese used some strategy of politeness in their daily interaction. Under the framework of Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategy theory and supported by Yassi’s theory, this paper explored the differences in the application of politeness strategies in Munanese Dialect Gu.

The result of the study showed the pattern politeness strategies used are; Hormat Non Kerabat; mixed, Hormat berkerabat; mixed and positive politeness (KP), Akrab Non Kerabat; mixed, Akrab Berkerabat; positive politeness (KP), Hierarki Non Kerabat; mixed (hierarchy), and Hierarki Kerabat; mixed.

There are some similarities and differences of the strategies used by Munanese Dialect Gu and Makassarese based on Yassi’s theory. In the system of Hormat Non Kerabat, Hormat berkerabat, Hierarki Non Kerabat, and Hierarki Kerabat both of them used the same strategies. However in the system of Akrab Non Kerabat, in Yassi’s theory the strategy used negative politeness (KN), Akrab Berkerabat used hierarki, In Munanese Dialect Gu the system of Akrab Non Kerabat used mixed and Akrab Berkerabat used positive politeness (KP). The differences of the strategies maybe caused by several possible reasons including cultural differences, different age and social status when the people interact each other.

References

Brown and Levinson. 1987. Politeness : Some Universals in Language Usage. New York : Cambridge University Press

Mey, Jacob L. 2001. Pragmatics: An Introduction, 2^nd Edition. British Library: Blackwell Publisher

Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. London: Oxford University Press

SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

1. How Speakers Represent the World: Exploring Experiential Meanings by: Butt, David et all (2001)

Language which used by human performs three function namely experiential, interpersonal and textual function. In this chapter, Butt (2001) explains about the experiential function of language which is means that language as representation of human experience.

In human experience, there are three general categories those are things, events and circumstances. It forms in CLAUSE and the element of the clause which being the expression of the event as PROCESS. More specific it can say as in perform the experiential function, language or clause consist of some elements namely PROCESS, PARTICIPANTS, CIRCUMSTANCES and sometimes includes the CONJUNCTION GROUPS. The PROCESS realized by a verbal group, PARTICIPANTS realized by nominal groups or preposition phrase and the CIRCUMSTANCES of human experience realized by adverbial groups, prepositional phrase and occasionally nominal groups. The CONJUNCTION GROUPS is to help join the various system (clause) together in a variety of logical relationship.

The three functional constituent have their labeling system or take place in their own roles. Participant constituent described in terms of various participant roles such as ACTOR, AGENT, GOAL, CARRIER, SAYER. The process has three basic process types: MATERIAL, RELATIONAL and PROJECTING.

Most English Clauses have a constituent structure that can be described functionally in terms of PROCESS, PARTICIPANTS, CIRCUMSTANCES with the process being ingredient. Here some examples:

Participant Process

The President arrived

Participant Process Participant

She remembered our name

Participant Process Circumstances

The President arrived by plane

As mention before that A Process is realized in grammar by means of a verbal group, which is either one word, belonging to the class verb or a group of words. It realize processes in experiential meanings. We can recognize some verbs in to three groups: doing verbs, projecting verbs and being verbs.

The doing verbs can be subdivided into: MATERIAL processes and BEHAVIOURAL processes. MATERIAL processes is processes that encoded experiences in the external or describe actions and happenings in the outside, material world. For example works, bit, etc. BEHAVIOURAL processes are processes that encode psychological behavior such as watched, sang etc.

The projecting verbs can be subdivided into: MENTAL processes and VERBAL Processes. MENTAL processes are processes which is encoded experiences in the inner world of consciousness. These are to do with thinking, wanting, perceiving and emoting. For example, enjoyed, remembered etc. VERBAL Process are processes that encoded the experience of bringing the inner world outside by speaking such as told and said.

The last is the being verbs, can be sub divided into: EXISTENTIAL processes and RELATIONAL Processes. EXISTENTIAL processes like are, was, were, the functions of which is to set up the existence of sole Participants. It almost always preceded by there. RELATIONAL Processes like are, seemed, was, were, felt, the function of which is o encode relationship of being and having between two participants. These processes can be further subdivided into those whose function is to ascribe an attribute which are known as RELATIONAL ATTRIBUTIVE processes and those whose function is to identify are known as RELATIONAL IDENTIFYING processes.

Process types and Participant Roles

Material Processes

The participant Role in material processes are: ACTOR (or Doer the process), a GOAL (or thing affected by the process), a RANGE (or Thing unaffected by the process), a BENEFICIARY of the process. Here some example:

Santi arrived

Actor process: material

I ate in the morning

Actor process: material Circumtances

The cat caught the mouse

Actor process: material Goal

I posted a letter to a friend

Actor process: material Goal Beneficiary: Recipient

She did some research

Actor process: material Range

Behavioural Processes

Behavioural Processes construe pshyiological psychological behaviour. The main participant role is BEHAVER. Sometimes there is a Range-like Participant known as BEHAVIOUR which is extended the process. The examples are:

She laughed

Behaver process: behavioural

She watched the sunset

Behaver process: behavioural Range

Mental Processes

Mental process encode the inner world cognition, perception, inclination or liking/disliking. Potential participant Role in this doing the processes are SENSER which must be realized by a human or at least conscious participant and the PHENOMENON, realized by a nominal group or embedded clause. Some example are shown below:

John knows the answer

Senser process: mental:cognition Phenomenon

John knows what he wants

Senser process: mental:cognition Phenomenon

‘Why am I tired She the answer

Projected clause Senser process: mental

Verbal Processes

Verbal processes construe saying. The participant roles are: SAYER (Doer the process), RECEIVER (addressee of the speech), TARGET (the participant which is the object of the talk), and VERBIAGE (which corresponds to Phenomenon in a mental process and sums up what is said in one nominal group or embedded clause). The examples are:

She said her piece

Sayer process: verbal Verbiage

Diana told the secret to her best friend

Sayer process: verbal Verbiage Receiver

Marcus praised Julius Caesar

Sayer process: verbal Target

Existential Processes

There is only one participant in this processes, EXISTENT. The existential processes are typically preceded by there and occur in the beginning of the text.

There are several difficulties

process: existential Existent

Relational Processes

There are two main types of relational process: RELATIONAL ATTRIBUTIVE, which relate a participant to its general characteristics or description; and RELATIONAL IDENTIFYING, which relate a participant to its identify, role or meaning. In relational attributive clauses, the participant known as CARRIER and the characteristic is known as ATRRIBUTE. The example are:

Their office is Sumptuous

Carrier process: relational Attribute

In contrast to attributive processes, the relational Identifying process set up an identify, role and meaning. It has two functions which are called ‘the engine room and ‘power-house of semiotics’. The first function is the one which provide a new identity. The nominal group whether it comes first or last in the clause is labeled IDENTIFIED and the new identity is the IDENTIFIER. The examples are:

Your office is the room on the left

Identified Process: relational identifying Identifier

The room on the right is your office

Identifier Process: relational identifying Identified

The second function, we can say that we take some token and give it a new value or some value and give its token. So that, the participants role in this function are TOKEN, the form and VALUE, the function.

2. Clause as Representation

by: Halliday, M.A.K (1990)

In this chapter, Halliday (1990) presented one of the functions of the clause as ideational function. Its role is as a means of representing patterns of experiences. In other words, clause can function as the representation of human experience or what happen around them. It also can be said clause as representational of processes. The process here means that doing, happening, feeling or being.

A process consists of three components: the process itself, participant in the processes, and the circumstances associated with the processes. It can be illustrate in the example the birds are flying in the sky. Are flying as the process, a participant birds and the circumstantial element in the sky. In addition, we can say that what is going on consists of there is doing, a doer, and the location where the doing take place. There is doing or process typically realized verbal group, a doer or participant realized by nominal group and where the doing take place or circumstance realized by adverbial group or prepositional phrase.

Material processes: processes of doing

Material processes are process of ‘doing’. They express some entities ‘does something which may be done ‘to’ some other entity. In this processes there are some concept which is introduced. Those are ACTOR and GOAL. The Actor is the one that does the deed. Every process has an actor. Some processes, but not all, have a second participant which is called GOAL. Here the example:

1. The lion sprang

Actor Process

2. The lion caught the tourist

Actor Process Goal

In the examples above, we can see that in (1) the doing was confined the lion, whereas in (2) it was directed act, extended, to tourist. Here the term GOAL implies ‘directed at’ . another term that has been used for this function is PATIENT, meaning one that ‘suffers’ or ‘undergoes’ the process.

Moreover, the other entity may be one that is brought into being by prcess, not pre-existing. Thus, we can distinguish between a ‘doing to’ or DISPOSITIVE type and a ‘bringing about’, or CREATIVE Type. The participant that results from creative process is still referred to as GOAL.

Mental processes: processes of sensing

The clause of feeling, thinking and perceiving are under the general heading of MENTAL PROCESS. The category of ‘mental process clauses’ have five main criteria.

1. There is always one participant who as a human.

2. That which is felt, thought or perceived, the position is in a sense reserved

3. The unmarked present tense is the Simple Present Tense

4. Represented language as two-way processes

5. Mental process are the process of feeling, thinking and seeing.

The two participant in mental process are SENSER and PHENOMENON. The Senser is the conscious being that is feeling, thinking or seeing. Whereas, the Phenomenon s that which is ‘sensed’.

The three category of mental process – feeling, thinking and seeing, are labeled in more general term (1) PERCEPTION (seeing, hearing, etc), (2) AFFECTION (liking, fearing etc) and (3) COGNITION (thinking, knowing, understanding, etc). For example:

I don’t like it

Senser Process: Affect Phenomenon

She knows

Senser Process: Cognition

Relational processes: processes of being

The relational process are the of being. For example John is the teacher. The central meaning of clauses of this type is that something is. Here are two modes of relational process: attributive and identifying. In the attributive mode, an attribute is ascribed to some entity.the two elements ot this are ATTRIBUTE and CARRIER. The example is:

Sarah is wise

Carrier Process Attribute

In identifying mode, one entity is used to identify another. The structural function are IDENTIFIED and IDENTIFIER. For example:

Tom is the leader

Identified Process identifier

When the variable is also taken into account it defines another pair grammatical function which is refer to TOKEN and VALUE. One element will be the Value (meaning, referent, function, status, role) and the other will be the Token (sign, name, form, holder, occupant)

Other process types; summary of Types process

1. Behavioural Processes. These are processes of physiological and psychological behavior, like breathing, dreaming, smiling, and coughing. The Behaver is typically a conscious being, like the Senser but he Process functions more like one of ‘doing’. Thus, grammatically they are intermediate between material and mental process.

2. Verbal Process. These are process of saying. Unlike mental process, verbal process do not require a conscious participant. The Sayer can be anything that puts out a signal. There are two other participants function regularly in verbal process. One is Receiver, the one whom verbalization is addressed. The other is a name for verbalization itself, VERBIAGE.

3. Existential Process. These represent that something exists or happens. These clauses typically have the verb be, or some other verb expressing existence, followed by a nominal group functioning as Existent.

Other participant function

1. Beneficiary. The Beneficiary is the one to whom or for whom the process is said to take place. It appears in material and verbal process and occasionally in relational. In material process, the Beneficiary is either Recipient or Client. The Recipient is one that goods are given to whereas the Client is one that services are done for. In verbal process, the Beneficiary is he one wh is being addressed e.g Lina in Mutia said to Lina. It is known as Receiver. The Receiver is usually present in verbal process.

2. Range. The Range is the element that specifies the range or scope of the process. A range may occur in material, behavioural, mental and verbal processes.

Circumstantial elements

The principal types of Circumntantial element in English are as fllows: Extent and Location in Time and Space, including abstract space; Manner (means, quality, comparison); Cause (reason, purpose, behalf); Accompniment; Matter; Role